https://www.facebook.com/230250976991282/videos/607080134485/

IN 1933...AMERICAN ACTORS OF AFRICAN DESCENT, PAUL ROBESON (AS EMPEROR JONES ) and the great REX INGRAM in the movie "THE EMPEROR JONES"...

IN 1936...The Green Pastures is a 1936 American film depicting stories from the Bible as visualized by black characters. It starred Rex Ingram (in several roles, including "De Lawd"), Oscar Polk, and Eddie "Rochester" Anderson. It was based on the 1928 novel Ol' Man Adam an' His Chillun by Roark Bradford and the 1930 Pulitzer Prize-winning play of the same name by Marc Connelly.

The Green Pastures was one of only six feature films in the Hollywood Studio era to feature an all-black cast, though elements of it were criticised by civil rights activists at the time and subsequently.[1]

Despite criticisms about its racial stereotyping, The Green Pastures proved to be an enormously popular film. On its opening day at New York's Radio City Music Hall, tickets sold at a rate of 6,000 per hour. The film was held over for an entire year's run at some theaters. It remained the highest-grossing all-black-cast film until the release of Carmen Jones in 1954.

IN 1960...the great REX INGRAM in the movie "ELMER GANTRY" with the ACADEMY AWARD WINNER BURT LANCASTER

FOR THE ABOVE YOUTUBE....

Dr. Yosef Ben-Jochannan & George Simmonds (1987) | African Origins

853,627 viewsFeb 5, 2019

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Author/historians Dr. Yosef Ben-Jochannan (Dr. Ben) and Professor George Simmonds discuss the untold truths in Religion and Western Culture in relation to African-Americans in this one hour TV show produced at the University of Montevallo (Alabama) circa 1987. Presented for historical purposes. I do not own the rights.

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Reelblack's mission is to educate, elevate, entertain, enlighten, and empower through Black film. If there is content shared on this platform that you feel infringes on your intellectual property, please email me at Reelblack@mail.com and info@reelblack.com with details and it will be promptly removed.

Frederick Stephen Humphries (December 26, 1935 – June 24, 2021) was an American academic administrator and chemistry professor. He served as President of Tennessee State University (1974 to 1985), and President of Florida A&M University (1985 to 2001). He was also President and CEO of the National Association for Equal Opportunity in Higher Education from 2001 to 2003. Florida A&M University conferred the President Emeritus title upon him on December 11, 2009. He was Regent Professor at the Florida A&M University College of Law from 2003 until his retirement in 2014.

Under his leadership Florida A&M University enrollment grew from 5,100 in 1985 to 9,876 in 1993. By the 1998–1999 school year, enrollment had reached 11,828 students and by 2001 Florida A&M had an enrollment of 12,316.

He had a bachelor's degree in physical chemistry from Florida A&M University, where he graduated magna cum laude in 1957. He received a Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh in 1964 where he was the first African American to receive a Ph.D in this discipline from the University.^[1]

Contents

Early life[edit]

He was born in Apalachicola, Florida on December 26, 1935, to Thornton Humphries and Minnie Henry, and received his early education there. He attended the Holy Family Catholic School and the small, all-black Wallace M. Quinn High School in Apalachicola. He was one of only nine graduates in the class of 1953. Yet, he contended that because of the quality and dedication of teachers, the small size of his school and the lack of sophisticated equipment did not handicap him. In an interview with Mike Radigan, Humphries said in Capital Outlook (May 9, 1985): "The greatest science teacher I had in high school was Mr. Charlie Watson. He taught me all my math and science courses. He was a very smart man and he cared about his students." Continuing his praise of Watson, Humphries said: "When he realized your abilities, he pushed you to the limit. When I left Wallace Quinn High School, I didn't know how well-prepared I was."^[^{citation needed}^] Perhaps this early experience with his mathematics and science teacher instilled in him the concept of "excellence with caring" which became his motto upon becoming FAMU's eighth president. At FAMU he earned the bachelor of science degree magna cum laude in chemistry in 1957. He was also a distinguished military science graduate in 1957 and was reported to be the first black officer to be commissioned into the Army Security Agency (Army Intelligence Branch). After serving in the Army for two years, he entered the University of Pittsburgh in 1959 as a teaching assistant in chemistry, became a graduate research fellow the next year, and earned his Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 1964.^[^{citation needed}^]

Presidency at Tennessee State University,
1974–1985
[edit]

The achievements of Humphries on the national level led the Tennessee Board of Regents to name him as President of Tennessee State University (TSU) in 1974, a position he held until being appointed to lead his alma mater in 1985.^[^{citation needed}^] While at TSU he demonstrated administration skills which resulted in improved and expanded academic programs,^[^{citation needed}^] upgraded faculty, increased enrollment and quality of students, and expanded scholarships and support activities.^[^{citation needed}^] He fought for the rights of an historically black university which was located in the same area with an historically white university when he insisted on the predominance of TSU over the University of Tennessee at Nashville (UTN). This ultimately led to the merger of TSU and UTN, with TSU becoming the surviving institution, heralded as one of the fairest and most important desegregation decisions of the 20th century. The posture and eloquence of Humphries in court is largely held as being responsible for this decision along with the presentation of attorney Avon Williams and the efforts of the Tennesseans for Justice in Higher Education. Humphries did not initiate the court battle over merger of the two universities, but he inherited it upon becoming president of TSU in 1974. In 1968, after the University of Tennessee had announced plans to build a multimillion-dollar facility for its night school extension center in Nashville, a young black woman named Rita Sanders charged that such action would perpetuate segregation at TSU and continue the dual system of public higher education in the state. The controversy which ended up in U.S. District Court before Judge Frank Gray in 1968 was known as Sanders v. Ellington, et al. (April 5, 1977). Subsequent plaintiff was Rita Sanders Girer (after marriage) versus the governor of Tennessee who happened to be in office.

When Governor Blanton asked his reaction to merger, Humphries informed the governor that "he and his colleagues were agreeable to merger-under the Board of Regents, not the University of Tennessee trustees." Humphries and his colleagues contended, and so did Judge Gray, that "the existence and expansion of predominantly white UTN alongside the traditionally black TSU have fostered competition for white students and have thus impeded the dismantling of the dual system." The state was ordered by Judge Gray to merge the two schools into a single institution under the State Board of Regents by July 1, 1980. As a result of Judge Gray's ruling, plans were developed and implemented to merge UTN under TSU, making this the first time that a traditionally white university had been placed under the administration of a traditionally black university. In demanding a unitary system, the judge stated: "It is the purpose of this order to achieve a unitary system and not achieve a merger of existing systems of higher education in Tennessee." Humphries said of this settlement: "If TSU had been a white institution, this never would have happened. UT would not have been invited in here to set up a separate institution. But now that the judge has ordered a merger, I think it is important for this traditionally black university to have the full opportunity to develop into a major university serving the entire community."^[^{citation needed}^]

Between 1980 and 1985, Humphries and his staff gave leadership to the merged TSU and provided for UTN and began serving an increasingly larger portion of the Nashville community. As Humphries progressed up the leadership ladder and proved himself as a national fighter for HBCUs and for enhanced opportunities for minorities in higher education, he was increasingly invited to membership on boards, commissions, committees and other influential groups at the state, regional and national levels. With a stern focus on improved education for minorities, he served as External Evaluator of Title III Programs; Minority Representative in Graduate Schools Special Academy of Science; as a member of the Planning Committee of the United Negro College Fund Pre-Medical Program, Fisk University; as a member of the Special Committee on Minority Participation in Graduate and Professional Education; and Chairman of the State Board of Education Advisory Committee on the Education of Blacks in Florida.

The Florida A&M University years,
1985–2001
[edit]

Humphries was eighth President of Florida A&M University from June 1, 1985 to December 31, 2001. He was originally expected to depart June 30, 2001. Under his motto of "Excellence with Caring", he worked with administrators, faculty, students, alumni, the corporate world, and other supporters of FAMU. As a result, under the Humphries administration, FAMU continuously improved its image and gained increasing recognition on the state, national, and international levels.^[^{citation needed}^]

As a dedicated alumnus of FAMU,^[^{citation needed}^] one of President Humphries' major goals was to increase student enrollment at all levels with high-achieving, quality students. Over his sixteen-year tenure, the enrollment at FAMU more than doubled from 5,101 in 1985, to 12,257 in 2000, with an average SAT score of 1028, and an average ACT score of 20. During the same period, FAMU attracted 657 National Achievement Scholars and surpassed such universities as Harvard, Yale and Stanford to lead the nation in numbers of National Achievement Scholars in 1992, 1995, and 1997, tying with Harvard in 2000. The focus on high-achieving students led to a tenfold increase in science and engineering students, with a corresponding increase at the master's degree level. Doctoral degree programs increased from one in 1985 to ten in 2000.

Along with the increases in the quantity and quality of FAMU students, the faculty was significantly upgraded, and academic programs were expanded and diversified. In addition to conducting effective classroom teaching and research, the Faculty was inspired and motivated to increase external funding from both the public and private sectors. The Division of Sponsored Research witnessed an increase in contracts and grants from $8.5 million in 1985 to $46 million in 2000. From the private sector, the FAMU Foundation, Incorporated showed a fund balance of only $6.2 million in 1986, but by 2000, the fund balance had reached $62.5 million. The FAMU Industry Cluster (comprising 152 major corporations) and the Life-Gets-Better Scholarship program, sponsored by select members of the Cluster are firm indications of corporate America's respect for FAMU's educational leadership and graduates of its academic programs. From 1989 to 2000 FAMU provided 873 Life-Gets-Better Scholarships to outstanding minority students majoring in such disciplines as Engineering, Physical, Life, Natural, and Computer Sciences and Pre-Law. In an effort to provide the appropriate facilities for educational programs and activities to flourish, President Humphries worked assiduously with his administrators, faculty, and staff to lead one of the most successful building programs in the history of the University. During his tenure, there were 51 facilities planned, designed, constructed, renovated or acquired between 1985 and 2000 at a grand total of $256,922,556. In 1985, FAMU's operating budget was only $59,940,563, but by 2000, it had grown to $249,951,788, an increase of 416 percent.

Under the Humphries administration, FAMU was selected as "College of the Year" by the TIME/Princeton Review in 1997, and recognized in the State University System as a Comprehensive/Doctoral University in 1999. With a broadened institutional mission emphasizing graduate studies and international affairs, the University can now offer additional masters and doctoral degree programs, and focus on a global perspective in many of its programs. Distance learning has become a major focus as FAMU expands its services and academic influence throughout the state and nation and on the international scenes.

Upon appointing Humphries as the eighth president of FAMU, the BOR challenged him to improve faculty morale and upgrade the faculty; effect sounder fiscal policies; increase student enrollment at all levels with quality students; expand, upgrade, and diversify academic programs; and increase extramural funding from both the public and private sectors.

For nearly four years he taught effectively at his alma mater and became totally involved in the academic, political and social life of the University. In 1965-66 Humphries was also an active and influential member of the FAMU Chapter of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP). In the late 1960s FAMU was literally fighting for its life as a separate and autonomous university. Each legislative session would bring serious efforts by legislators to merge FAMU and FSU, presumably as a cost-cutting measure. Then State Senator Bob Graham of Miami and other urban senators from the central and southern sections of Florida were among the strongest proponents of merger. When a report from the Southern Regional Educational Board (SREB) was submitted to the faculty in 1968 by Lionel Newsome, a former professor at Southern University, it appeared to support the legislative concept of merger. Gore called a meeting of the Faculty Senate to discuss ways and means to counteract the merger emphasis. In the aftermath of that meeting, the FAMU Chapter of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP), with Howard E. Lewis serving as president, called a meeting to voice its objection to any consideration of merger.

As an outcome of that meeting, the members drew up a resolution stipulating that FAMU must remain a separate and autonomous university within the State University System. A decision was also made at that meeting to seek the endorsement of this resolution at the statewide meeting of the Florida AAUP. Because of the politically and racially volatile climate at the time, it was difficult to find professors who were willing to fight openly for the cause. Howard E. Lewis and Leedell W. Neyland, a past president of FAMU's Chapter of AAUP, persuaded Frederick S. Humphries and Ralph W. Turner to present and fight for the passage of the resolution at the statewide AAUP meeting in Gainesville. According to Turner, "Humphries made a very emotional and forceful presentation which had even the most conservative members listening attentively." After the presentation Humphries and Turner were pleasantly surprised to see that the group voted almost unanimously for the resolution. This endorsement, which placed professors on the statewide level in support of FAMU's autonomy, also had a significant effect on the selected legislators. Shortly thereafter, Senator Graham reversed his position on merger and became an advocate for a separate and autonomous FAMU. This early display of courage contributed to the perception of Humphries as an aggressive leader who would fight for the survival and growth of FAMU, his alma mater.

Because of Humphries' potential for academic leadership, President Gore selected him to coordinate a select group of FAMU faculty members who participated in a consortium known as the Thirteen College Curriculum Program (TCCP) meeting at the Pine Manor Junior College in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, during the summer of 1967. His efficient and highly astute management of the TCCP project demonstrated to FAMU and to others that he was destined to become an outstanding leader in higher education. Under his leadership, FAMU was named as one of the model projects among the colleges and universities which made up TCCP. In 1968, Humphries joined the staff of the Institute for Services to Education, Incorporated (ISE) in Washington, D. C., an umbrella agency which coordinated a variety of educational programs for minority and disadvantaged students at the college level. Between 1968 and 1974, he held the following directorships while providing leadership for ISE: Summer Conferences, Innovative Institutional Research Consortium, Knoxville College Study of Science Capability of Black Colleges, Interdisciplinary Programs, and two Universities Graduate Programs in Humanities. While holding most of these directorships, Humphries became the Vice President of ISE from 1970 to 1974, and was deeply involved in developing innovative and creative educational materials and procedures designed to improve the educational levels of minorities in higher education. These years of leadership in developmental education for minorities caused him to become a national advocate of good teaching and academic advisement as essentials for the educational growth and development of students. Under Humphries' leadership, the TCCP, one of the most comprehensive and successful programs in higher education for disadvantaged students, grew from 13 to 40 in historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and from 1,250 to over 20,000 students. The programs he directed led to the establishment of institutional research offices, computer-assisted instruction (long before it was fashionable), interdisciplinary courses, and advanced management practices at many of these HBCUs. He also pioneered special consortial arrangements with major universities such as the University of Massachusetts, University of Pittsburgh, Carnegie-Mellon University, American University and others to permit junior faculty members and graduates to study for the doctorate.

Outside the arena of formal education, Humphries' influence was felt in both the public and private sectors. Over the years he held significant leadership positions on boards, commissions, and committees designed to uplift various segments of our society. These include: Chairman, Board of Directors of the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges; Member of the Board of Trustees, University of Pittsburgh; Member of the Board of Directors of Wal-Mart, Inc.; Member of the Board of Directors of Brinker International; Member of the Board of Directors of the Oak Ridge Associates Universities; Member of the National Study Panel on Big Science, National Academy of Science; United States Department of Agriculture Task Force on 1890 Land-Grant Institutions; the Division of National Science Foundation; the Board of Directors, Barnett Bank in Tallahassee; the. Board of Directors, National Merit Scholarship Corporation; the Apalachicola Bay Resources Planning and Management Committee; and many others.

Awards and honors[edit]

His awards and honors include: the Drum Major for Justice Award in Education by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference; President's Award for Excellence in Higher Education by 100 Black Men in America, Inc.; Leadership Grant by the Prudential Life Insurance Company of America Foundation; Certificate of Appreciation by the Governor of Tennessee; Certificate of Appreciation by the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Human Development Services; and many others. Among Humphries' most memorable awards are the Distinguished Alumnus Award presented by the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Pittsburgh in 1986; the United Bicentennial Medal of Distinction by the University of Pittsburgh on its 200th anniversary; and the Thurgood Marshall Educational Achievement Award by Johnson Publishing Company for the most outstanding contributions to education. In 1998, the Orlando Sentinel named him "Floridian of the Year," the first black person to be honored with this award.^[^{citation needed}^]

As an academic leader and astute administrator,^[^{citation needed}^] Humphries has consistently shared his gifts and talents with others through publications, consultantships, and the evaluation of the accreditation process for universities and colleges. Through more than fifteen articles, dozens of scholarly speeches, and numerous evaluative and consultative services to educational institutions, he has significantly influenced educational development throughout America. A strong proponent of the land-grant idea in education for minorities, Humphries shared his ideas with the nation in the lead article, "1890 Land-Grant Institutions: Their Struggle for Survival and Equality," published in the Spring 1991 issue of Agricultural History. Also, his article on "Black Colleges -- A National Resource for the Training of Minority Scientific and Engineering Manpower," which was presented to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1978, became a guideline for the implementation of science and engineering emphasis at FAMU. Humphries spoke passionately for the worth of HBCUs whether he was before the U. S. Congress or in an inner-city church in Miami or Tampa. While President, Humphries retained active membership in professional organizations, even though his demanding administrative duties and responsibilities made classroom teaching and research almost impossible. He was a member of the American Association of Higher Education, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Chemical Society, and the American Association of Minority Research Universities. On the civic and community fronts he held membership in the NAACP and served on the Board of Directors of the YMCA, the Tallahassee Urban League, and many others.

Personal life[edit]

Humphries was a member of the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, and the Sigma Pi Phi fraternity. Throughout his professional and administrative life he was supported by his devoted wife, Antoinette McTurner Humphries, a native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She obtained a B. S. degree in sociology and political science from Tennessee State University. In addition to hosting annual celebrations at graduation exercises, the Industry Cluster, and various educational and political groups that visit the campus, Mrs. Humphries participated in many community activities. Annually, she sponsored a Christmas Toys for Tots Drive; hosted local elementary schools in tours of the President's residence and the campus; hosted teas with Miss FAMU and court; hosted Bar-B-Que for student athletes; and provided scholarships for third-year theater majors at the "Toni" Awards program. She further promoted the fine arts at Rickards High School through the Friends of Rickards program with an annual art showing. She also held membership in The Links, Incorporated, The Girlfriends, and the Delta Sigma Theta sorority.

Although she involved herself with the economic and social development of many students, her primary emphasis was on nurturing her own three children and steering them toward success. She died on March 16, 2006, at the age of 64.

Frederick S. Humphries died June 24, 2021 at the age of 85.

BELOW...1948 USA POOR...AFGHAN POOR...USA DEPRESSION POOR...MORE POOR FROM 1930'S USA DEPRESSION ERA

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THE YEAR is 1912.....Lewis Hine: Breaker boys. Small est is Angelo Ross. Hughestown Borough Coal Co. Pittston, Pa.

Group of boys working in #9

Breaker Pennsylvania Coal

Co., Hughestown Borough,

Pittston, Pa. In this group

are Sam Belloma, Pine

Street, Angelo Ross, and

others reported previously.

Location: Pittston,

Pennsylvania.

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Chris Hellier/Corbis via Getty Images Women fighters in Dahomey in 1897. The Kingdom of Dahomey was a West African power that drew comparisons to Sparta. European visitors praised its women fighters: She-soldiers. Medusas. Spinster warriors. Or Amazons, as they were called in Benin.ph

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Gena Rowlands

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Gena RowlandsRowlands in 1968

BornVirginia Cathryn Rowlands
June 19, 1930 (age 91)
Cambria, Wisconsin, U.S.Alma materAmerican Academy of Dramatic ArtsOccupationActressYears active1951–2014Spouse(s)John Cassavetes

(m. 1954; died 1989)
Robert Forrest

(m. 2012)ChildrenNick Alexandra Zoe

Parent(s)Edwin Myrwyn Rowlands
Lady Rowlands

Virginia Cathryn "Gena" Rowlands (born June 19, 1930) is an American retired actress, whose career in film, stage, and television has spanned over six decades. A four-time Emmy and two-time Golden Globe winner, she is known for her collaborations with her late actor-director husband John Cassavetes in ten films, including A Woman Under the Influence (1974) and Gloria (1980), which earned her nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She also won the Silver Bear for Best Actress for Opening Night (1977). She is also known for her performances in Woody Allen's Another Woman (1988), and her son, Nick Cassavetes's film, The Notebook (2004). In 2021, The New Yorker said, “The most important and original movie actor of the past half century-plus is Gena Rowlands.”^[1] In November 2015, Rowlands received an Honorary Academy Award in recognition of her unique screen performances.^[2]

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Aired 3 weeks before his death on Feb. 21, 1965, our CBC panellists grilled him on his ethics, leadership, beliefs and much more.

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David Ruggles

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Portrait of David Ruggles (center) with Isaac T. Hopper (left) and Barney Corse (right) confronting John P. Darg in 1838

David Ruggles (March 15, 1810 – December 16, 1849) was an African-American abolitionist in New York who resisted slavery by his participation in a Committee of Vigilance and the Underground Railroad to help fugitive slaves reach free states. He was a printer in New York City during the 1830s, who also wrote numerous articles, and "was the prototype for black activist journalists of his time."^[1] He claimed to have led more than 600 fugitive slaves to freedom in the North, including Frederick Douglass, who became a friend and fellow activist. Ruggles opened the first African-American bookstore in 1834.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Contents

Early life[edit]

Ruggles was born in Norwich, Connecticut in 1810. His parents, David Sr. and Nancy Ruggles, were free blacks. His father, David Sr., was a blacksmith, and his mother Nancy was a caterer. His early education took place at religious charity schools in Norwich.^[2]^[5]

Bookstore and abolitionist organizing[edit]

In 1826, at the age of sixteen, Ruggles moved to New York City, where he worked as a mariner before opening a grocery store. Nearby, other African-Americans ran grocery businesses in Golden Hill (John Street east of William Street), such as Mary Simpson (1752-March 18, 1836). After 1829, abolitionist Sojourner Truth (born Isabella ("Bell") Baumfree; c. 1797 – November 26, 1883) also lived in lower Manhattan. At first, he sold liquor, then embraced temperance. He became involved in anti-slavery and the free produce movement. He was a sales agent for and contributor to The Liberator and The Emancipator, abolitionist newspapers.

After closing the grocery, Ruggles opened the first African American-owned bookstore in the United States. The bookstore was located on Lispenard Street near St. John's park in what is today the Tribeca neighborhood. Ruggles' bookstore specialized in abolitionist and feminist literature, including works by African-American abolitionist Maria Stewart.^[6] He edited a New York journal called The Mirror of Liberty,^[7] and also published a pamphlet called The Extinguisher. He also published "The Abrogation of the Seventh Commandment" in 1835, an appeal to northern women to confront husbands who kept enslaved black women as mistresses.^[1]^[8]

Ruggles was secretary of the New York Committee of Vigilance, a radical biracial organization to aid fugitive slaves, oppose slavery, and inform enslaved workers in New York about their rights in the state.^[9] New York had abolished slavery and stated that slaves voluntarily brought to the state by a master would automatically gain freedom after nine months of residence. On occasion, Ruggles went to private homes after learning that enslaved blacks were hidden there, to tell workers that they were free.^[1] In October 1838, Ruggles assisted Frederick Douglass on his journey to freedom, and reunited Douglass with his fiancé Anna Murray. Rev. James Pennington, a self-emancipated slave, married Murray and Douglass in Ruggles' home shortly thereafter.^[10] Douglass' autobiography 'Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass' explains "I had been in New York but a few days, when Mr. Ruggles sought me out, and very kindly took me to his boarding-house at the corner of Church and Lespenard Streets. Mr. Ruggles was then very deeply engaged in the memorable Darg case, as well as attending to a number of other fugitive slaves, devising ways and means for their successful escape; and, though watched and hemmed in on almost every side, he seemed to be more than a match for his enemies."^[11]

Ruggles was especially active against kidnapping bounty hunters (also known as "blackbirds"), who made a living by capturing free Black people in the North and illegally selling them into slavery. With demand high for slaves in the Deep South, another threat was posed by men who kidnapped free blacks and sold them into slavery, as was done to Solomon Northup of Saratoga Springs, New York, in 1841. With the Vigilance Committee, Ruggles fought for fugitive slaves to have the right to jury trials and helped arrange legal assistance for them.^[1]

His activism earned him many enemies. Ruggles was physically assaulted and his bookshop was destroyed through arson. He quickly reopened his library and bookshop. There were two known attempts to kidnap him and sell him into slavery in the South.^[12] His enemies included fellow abolitionists who disagreed with his tactics. He was criticized for his role in the well-publicized Darg case of 1838, involving a Virginia slaveholder named John P. Darg and his slave, Thomas Hughes.^[1]^[13]^[14]

Later life[edit]

Ruggles suffered from ill health, which intensified following the Darg case. In 1841, his father died, and Ruggles was ailing and almost blind. In 1842, Lydia Maria Child, a fellow abolitionist and friend, arranged for him to join a radical Utopian commune called the Northampton Association of Education and Industry, in the present-day village of Florence, Massachusetts.^[1]^[13]^[15]

Applying home treatment upon hydropathic principles, he regained his health to some degree, but not his eyesight. He began practicing hydrotherapy, and by 1845, had established a "water cure" hospital in Florence. This was one of the earliest in the United States.^[1]^[15]^[16] Joel Shew and Russell Thacher Trall (R.T. Trall) had preceded him in using this type of therapy.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20] Ruggles died in Florence in 1849, at the age of thirty-nine, due to a bowel infection.^[2]^[16]

Bibliography[edit]

Clark, Christopher (1995). The Communitarian Moment: The Radical Challenge of the Northampton Association. Amherst: University of Massachusetts.
Foner, Eric (2015). Gateway To Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad. W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 978-0-393-24407-6
.
Gaffney, Paul (2004). "Coloring Utopia: The African American Presence in the Northampton Association of Education and Industry". In Christopher Clark; Kerry W. Buckley (eds.). Letters from an American Utopia: The Stetson Family and the Northampton Association, 1843-1847. Amherst, Mass: University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 239–278. ISBN 1-55849-431-6
. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
Hodges, Graham Russell (Spring–Summer 2000). "David Ruggles: The Hazards of Anti-Slavery Journalism". Media Studies Journal. 14 (2). Archived from the original on 2007-03-07.
Hodges, Graham Russell Gao (2010). David Ruggles: A radical black abolitionist and the Underground Railroad in New York City. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3326-1. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
General Lafayette (18 January 1830). "(Facsimile of letter from) General Lafayette to David Ruggles". Retrieved 1 September 2010.
Newman, Richard; Rael, Patrick; Lapsansky, Phillip, eds. (2001). "David Ruggles". in Pamphlets of protest: an anthology of early African-American protest. New York: Routledge. pp. 144–155. ISBN 0-415-92443-X
. Retrieved 1 September 2010. Paperback ISBN 0-415-92444-8
Porter, Dorothy B. (January 1943). "David Ruggles: An Apostle of Human Rights". Journal of Negro History. Association for the Study of African American Life and History. 28 (1): 23–50. doi:10.2307/2714783. JSTOR 2714783. S2CID 150135247
.
Porter, Dorothy (1995). "Early Negro Writing 1760-1837". First published 1971. Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press. ISBN 0-933121-59-8
. Retrieved 1 September 2010. Hardback ISBN 0-933121-60-1
David Ruggles: A Man of Color (1834). "The "Extinguisher" extinguished! Or David M. Reese M.D. "Used Up"". New York: D. Ruggles. Retrieved 1 September 2010. (Note: The title page shows that in authorship, Ruggles pointedly identified himself as "A Man of Color")

References[edit]

^ Jump up to:
^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Hodges, Graham Russell (Spring–Summer 2000). "David Ruggles: The Hazards of Anti-Slavery Journalism". Media Studies Journal. 14 (2). Archived from the original on 2007-03-07.
^ Jump up to:
^a ^b ^c "David Ruggles". David Ruggles Center for History and Education. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
^ Highland, Kristen Doyle. "In the Bookstore: The Houses of Appleton and Book Cultures in Antebellum New York City." Book History 19 (2016): 221. doi:10.1353/bh.2016.0006.
^ Porter, Dorothy B. (January 1943). "David Ruggles: An Apostle of Human Rights". Journal of Negro History. Association for the Study of African American Life and History. 28 (1): 28. doi:10.2307/2714783. JSTOR 2714783. S2CID 150135247
.
^ Porter 1943, p. 25.
^ "DAVID RUGGLES". THE CHISELER. Retrieved 2019-02-16.
^ The "Quarterly" Almanac, 1893, edited by John C. Dancy, editor of A.M.E. Zion Quarterly (Wilmington, N.C.: s.n., 1893) (Daniel Murray Pamphlet Collection, Library of Congress) (Ruggles published Mirror of Liberty, one of the earliest African American journals in the U.S.).
^ Hodges, Graham (March 25, 2010). "David Ruggles". The Wall Street Journal. (Book excerpt from David Ruggles, chapter one: "A Revolutionary Childhood"). Retrieved 31 August 2010.
^ "Helped to free 119 slaves, John J. Zuille, famous in slavery days, still alive," The Sun (New York, NY), November 10, 1889, Page 22, Image 22, col 7 ("Phillips and [William Lloyd] Garrison I first met at an anniversary meeting of the Anti-Slavery Association. Those meetings were held here annually in May. The two gentlemen I mentioned had for their colleagues in their work Henry Channing, Charles C. Barlow, David Ruggles, and Louis Napolean.")
^ McFeely, William (1991). Frederick Douglass. New York: Norton. pp. 72-77, 97. ISBN 0393028232
.
^ Douglass, Frederick (1845). NARRATIVE OF THE LIFE OF FREDERICK DOUGLASS AN AMERICAN SLAVE. WRITTEN BY HIMSELF. Boston: PUBLISHED AT THE ANTI-SLAVERY OFFICE, NO. 25 CORNHILL 1845.
^ Letter to the editor from L.M.F. Hamilton, The New York Herald, July 24, 1872, Page 3, Image 3 ("I was in the Old Underground Railway depot, corner of Church and Lispenard streets, on the night of the raid by Boudinott and Nash for the purpose of kidnapping David Ruggles.")
^ Jump up to:
^a ^b Gaffney, Paul (2004). "Coloring Utopia: The African American Presence in the Northampton Association of Education and Industry". In Christopher Clark; Kerry W. Buckley (eds.). Letters from an American Utopia: The Stetson Family and the Northampton Association, 1843-1847. Amherst, Mass: University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 239–278. ISBN 1-55849-431-6
. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
^ "Examination of the Black Man, Ruggles," The Morning Herald (New York, NY), September 10, 1838, Image 2, col 4 ("On Saturday afternoon, David Ruggles, the black, charged with aiding and abetting the slave Tom in robbing his master, concealing the fugitive, was brought out for examination before Justice Hobsen. A vast number of abolitionists, and other crazy fanatics, pressed toward the magistrate's desk to witness the proceedings, and who seemed to take a great interest in the result. The developments made upon the occasion, which we give below, fully justifies the arrest of Ruggles and his friend Corse, and exhibit the miserable gang to which they belong to be but a very little better than a band of freebooters.")
^ Jump up to:
^a ^b Sheffeld, Charles A, ed. (1895). "The History of Florence, Massachusetts". Including a complete account of the Northampton Association of Education and Industry. Florence, Massachusetts: published by the author. p. 107. Retrieved 16 December 2009. Full text at Internet Archives.
^ Jump up to:
^a ^b Strimer, Steve (July 17, 2006). "David Ruggles in Florence, Massachusetts". Retrieved 16 December 2009.
^ Wilson, James Grant; John Fiske, eds. (1888). "Shew, Joel (biographical sketch)". Appletons' Cyclopedia of American Biography. V. Pickering-Sumter. New York: Appleton & Co. pp. 508–509.
^ Whorton, James C; Karen Iacobbo (2002). Nature cures: The history of alternative medicine in America. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 89, 90. ISBN 0-19-514071-0. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
^ Iacobbo, Michael; Karen Iacobbo (2004). Vegetarian America: A History. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 74. ISBN 0-275-97519-3
. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
^ Trall, R.T., M.D. (1956). Drug Medicines (orig. 1862), The Hygienic System (1875) & Health Catechism (1875)(reprint ed.). Mokelumne Hill, California: Reprint by Health Research. p. 4. ISBN 0-7873-1200-2
. Retrieved 14 December2009.

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Margaret Mitchell backed black civil rights secretly

By Kenneth Kowald

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Posted on April 19, 2012

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By Kenneth Kowald

Recently, Elaine and I watched an “American Masters” program on Channel 13. It was about Margaret Mitchell, author of “Gone with the Wind.”

It was fascinating in many ways, but I will get to that shortly. First, some memories.

The book was published in 1936 and received the Pulitzer Prize in 1937. The film version came out in late 1939 and received seven Academy Awards. Making allowance for inflation, the film, at three hours 44 minutes, with a 15-minute intermission, has been the highest grossing American film of all time. The book itself quickly sold 1 million copies, at the high price for those days of $3 a copy. It was more than 1,000 pages in length.

Sometime long after the original showings of the film, I saw it one night in a theater on Grand Avenue in Maspeth, not far from my former JHS 73. I remember walking along 57th Avenue, where we lived in Elmhurst, and onto Grand Avenue and then entering the theater, probably long gone. I do not remember the name of the theater.

The film was wonderful. If I am not mistaken, I had a major test at Newtown High School the next morning, but it did not seem to matter. I assume I went to bed quite late that night.

I read the book years later and liked it. I know some reviewers did not think highly of it, but there is much to admire in it. Not to be admired are some of the depictions of blacks and the Ku Klux Klan.

And that is why the “American Masters” program we saw was so fascinating.

Mitchell was a person of her time, but she had a rebel streak. It seems that one of the reasons the Junior League of Atlanta blackballed her was that she wanted to do her league work in medical clinics used by blacks only.

Hattie McDaniel, who won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, could not attend the world premiere in Atlanta because of segregation. She could not sit at the awards ceremony with white actors.

Mitchell learned of that and wrote to McDaniel about it. They kept up a correspondence for many years.

But, most striking, was Mitchell’s help for blacks to get medical education. The president of Morehouse College wrote to her to ask for support for such students and she began a private campaign of donations, which enabled perhaps 70 to 80 black men to become physicians. It did not become public knowledge until many decades after her death.

It is also possible that she may have tried to help desegregate the Atlanta police force. It was a failed early attempt. That was many years ago. Mitchell died as the result of being hit by an automobile on Peachtree Street in Atlanta in 1949. She was 48.

It turns out she was a remarkable woman in many ways. Of course, when I saw the film and later read the novel, this was not public knowledge. I think back to my days at Newtown High School when seeing a black person in class was a rarity. And, in my days in the U.S. Army, the black troops were segregated. President Harry Truman ended discrimination in the armed forces by executive order, knowing Congress would not do it.

The civil rights movement of the 1960s changed much that was evil. We know so much more must be done.

If you want to read one of the great speeches of our time, find the speech President Lyndon B. Johnson gave about civil rights, when he spoke to Congress March 15, 1965, a week after the horror in Selma, Ala. Johnson’s eloquence was matched by his passion. Every time I read it, it makes me proud once again that I am an American.

To a kid trekking to Maspeth to see a great motion picture, all of that lay far ahead, but it is good to know that there were people, like Margaret Mitchell of Georgia, Harry Truman of Missouri and Lyndon Johnson of Texas, who did what they could to make us all equal.

Mitchell made a difference in many lives in a private way. She was, indeed, as the PBS program showed, “An American Rebel.” Some have noted that if her efforts were known, she might have faced death threats.

Her book and the film are still wonderful.

P.S.: I am pretty sure I passed the test the next day at Newtown.

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Atlanta Magazine

Home People Dear Mammy

Dear Mammy

Newly discovered letters reveal the unlikely friendship that helped spur Margaret Mitchell to become one of Morehouse College’s most generous patrons.

BY CB HACKWORTH -

DECEMBER 1, 2010

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This article originally appeared in our December 2010 issue.

Sometime after midnight, in the early morning of December 16, 1939—more than five hours after settling into their seats—the city’s elite flowed out of Loew’s Grand Theatre, overjoyed at the spectacle they’d just witnessed.

Margaret Mitchell emerged, enormously relieved. Hollywood had not destroyed her story after all. In fact, to her great surprise, Gone with the Wind was a cinematic masterpiece. The sense of dread she’d been carrying for the long months before seeing the movie had vanished, and the mood all around was celebratory.

Except something else was nagging at her now.

So the notoriously private author took pencil to paper and scribbled a quick note: “The premiere audience loved you and so did I,” she began.

Despite the lateness of the hour, thousands of Atlantans crowded Peachtree Street, eager to catch a glimpse of stars such as Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh. Many of Hollywood’s biggest names were there, but not the actress who was on Mitchell’s mind at that moment.

To the eternal shame of Atlanta, black cast members of Gone with the Wind had been excluded from the gala event—including Hattie McDaniel, whose portrayal of Mammy later would make her the first African American to win an Academy Award.

Gable himself was so enraged by the disgraceful treatment of his costars, he threatened to boycott the premiere—agreeing, finally, to make the trip to Atlanta only because McDaniel herself pleaded with him not to ruin the occasion.

Proving himself a great actor, Gable appeared delighted that night. As spotlights swept the sky above Loew’s Grand, the star who forever would be remembered as Rhett Butler grinned widely at newsreel cameras and shouted, “This is Margaret Mitchell’s night and the people of Atlanta’s night!”

His sarcasm would not have been lost on Mitchell, who is said to have been keenly sensitive to criticism.

The institutionalized discrimination in her hometown was “an embarrassment to her,” says Andrew Young, civil rights leader, U.S. congressman, United Nations ambassador, mayor of Atlanta, and filmmaker. Young’s most recent documentary, Change in the Wind, confirms the long-suspected existence of a friendship between Mitchell and McDaniel, and speculates it influenced Mitchell’s extraordinary—and often unrecognized—financial support of traditionally black Morehouse College.

At first, eloquent pleas for help from Dr. Benjamin E. Mays, president of Morehouse, went unanswered by Mitchell and instead were politely rebuffed by her husband, John Marsh. However, as the famous author struggled, often unsuccessfully, to find adequate healthcare for beloved family servants Annie Rector, Carrie Holbrook, and Bessie Jordan, she became indignant over racial disparities in medical treatment and other basic services. Eventually, she developed an affectionate correspondence with the legendary Mays and became one of the college’s most generous patrons—anonymously funding the medical educations of dozens of Morehouse graduates.

In the interest of full disclosure, I am not impartial on this subject. Change in the Wind is the latest in a series of Emmy Award–winning TV specials I have directed, working closely with Young. His groundbreaking film work dates to the 1950s and proved invaluable when he advised Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on media strategy. In February, at a special dinner in New York, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences will present Young with an Emmy for lifetime achievement in television.

Although letters confirming Mitchell’s unlikely and potentially dangerous friendship with Mays were made public several years ago, Young wanted to understand and tell the story in greater detail. We uncovered fascinating pieces of “lost” history—including the simple yet extraordinary document Mitchell composed in haste on one of the most stressful and exciting nights of her life. The handwritten note was a telegram, finally sent at 5 a.m., delivered to the home of Hattie McDaniel in Los Angeles. On the morning after the premiere of Gone with the Wind, the California actress read, “The Mayor of Atlanta called for a hand for our Hattie McDaniel and I wish you could have heard the cheers.”

We also found dozens of other letters on the subject of race—unseen for decades—among Mitchell’s papers in an enormous, restricted collection at the University of Georgia.

“These revelations add to the growing body of evidence that Margaret Mitchell had deep and caring relationships with people from all walks of life, including African Americans,” says Mary Rose Taylor, founder and former executive director of the Margaret Mitchell House.

Taylor says the letters—many of them excerpted in Young’s documentary—provide insight into the author’s evolution from a spoiled, self-indulgent child of privilege into a driven visionary who accurately predicted Atlanta’s future as a black metropolis and quietly but fiercely fought racial inequities in education and healthcare.

“No one has seen these letters until now,” says Mary Ellen Brooks, director emeritus of the Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library at UGA. Brooks devoted so much time to the research, she eventually became an executive producer of the documentary. “It’s not a browsable collection, and until you have the need to go find something for somebody, to answer a question, you don’t always know what’s there. You have to go with a mission. You go to hunt for something.”

The hunt yielded a number of previously undiscovered letters among the main collection of more than 25,000 documents, which were donated to UGA in 1969 by Stephens Mitchell, the author’s late brother. However, two years ago, Brooks acquired an additional fifty-seven archival boxes of correspondence for the Hargrett Library, and it was there she found a cache of correspondence between the author of Gone with the Wind and the actress who brought Mitchell’s favorite character, Mammy, to life.

“I felt very thrilled to actually find these and especially to let people know of this relationship that has not been fully explored,” says Brooks.

Although not its primary focus, Young’s documentary makes this information public for the first time, and he considers proof of the women’s friendship an important piece of a much larger puzzle.

“I think they actually developed a real respect and appreciation, if not love, for each other,” says Young. “If we hadn’t started dabbling, it might never have been known.”

McDaniel had written Mitchell for the first time just days before the premiere, not to complain about being excluded but to thank the author.

“I hope you will not think me presumptuous for writing you,” the actress began deferentially. McDaniel went on to praise Mitchell for writing with an “authenticity” that echoed stories of the Old South she’d heard from her own grandmother, and, especially, for creating the character of Mammy and making her “such an outstanding personage.”

Even though the letter arrived at the height of the frenzy surrounding the impending premiere, and the demands on Mitchell’s time were immense, she replied immediately and warmly.

It was the beginning of a lifelong correspondence between the two women: Mitchell, a white author often maligned for perceived racism in the pages of her Pulitzer Prize–winning novel, and McDaniel, a black actress frequently criticized for accepting subservient roles that helped perpetuate racial stereotypes.

On May 1, 1941, McDaniel wrote to inform Mitchell of her elopement with Lloyd Crawford—starting her letter with the same apology as before: “I hope you will not think me presumptuous . . .”

Even on this occasion, McDaniel’s main purpose was to thank Mitchell again: “I am sending you this announcement not as a mere social form,” McDaniel wrote, “but in grateful recognition of the many fine things that have come my way since you created in your book the lovable character Mammy which enabled me to gain a measure of success in the field of cinema arts.”

A very special wedding gift from Mitchell arrived two weeks later. Several years earlier, the Atlanta Historical Society had sold custom-made Wedgwood after-dinner coffee cups decorated with scenes of old Atlanta, and Mitchell had purchased a number of sets, intending to present them to the stars of Gone with the Wind.

However, she explained, Atlanta Mayor William B. Hartsfield—whom she describes in the letter as “an energetic man”—had the same idea, was quicker, and made his presentations first.

“Now,” Mitchell wrote, “I am sending you and your husband, as a wedding gift, some of these cups, and it will give me great pleasure to know that they are in your possession.”

McDaniel was thrilled with the fine china and amused by the story that came with it. “I suppose it is very selfish of me,” she wrote back, “but I am a bit glad that the mayor of Atlanta ‘beat you to the punch’ . . . for it makes your gift to us so much more personal and dear . . . We have shown them to everybody that comes to our house and they were photographed the other day when Warner Brothers studio sent someone out to take pictures of me frying chicken for Better Homes and Gardens magazine.”

In one letter, Mitchell turns the tables and thanks McDaniel. “Every time I see Gone with the Wind (and I have seen it five times) my appreciation of your genius in the part of Mammy has grown,” she wrote. “I have felt ungenerous that I have not written you fully about how wonderful I think you were.”

Referring to a climactic scene in which Rhett has locked himself in a room with his dead daughter, Bonnie, Mitchell wrote, “I do not weep easily but now I have wept five times at seeing you and Miss de Havilland go up the long stairs. In fact, it’s become a joke among my friends—but they cry, too!”

Mitchell was killed in 1949 after being hit by a drunk driver while crossing Peachtree Street with her husband, to whom McDaniel wrote a poignant letter of condolence. In it, McDaniel recounted a conversation with Sue Myrick, a close friend of the late author who had worked as an adviser during filming of Gone with the Wind.

“You know her as Miss Margaret Mitchell,” she quoted Myrick, “but I assure you she takes a greater pride in being known as Mrs. John Marsh.”

McDaniel added, “To me, that is one of the finest tributes that can ever be paid to you. I have never forgotten those words.”

The actress mourned Mitchell as she would a close friend. But McDaniel never made it to Atlanta, as her letter makes clear:

“I am sorry I never had a chance to meet Mrs. Marsh.”

This article originally ran in the January 2011 issue

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Northington signs with UK, December 1965. (Left to right) Governor Breathitt, UK CoachCharlie Bradshaw, Nate Northington, high school coach Jim Gray, & UK President Dr. John W. Oswald....

KENTUCKY GOVERNOR BREATHITT

Edward Thompson Breathitt Jr. (November 26, 1924 – October 14, 2003) His major accomplishment as governor was the passage of the Kentucky Civil Rights Act, the first desegregation law passed by a southern state.

UK FOOTBALL COACH CHARLIE BRADSHAW

Bradshaw's 1965 team defeated #10 Georgia, 28–10, and appeared bound for a bowl game, being ranked in the AP top ten for four weeks in September and November of that season. Bradshaw's wins in 1965 included games at Missouri, which capped the season with a Sugar Bowl victory and #6 national ranking in the final AP Poll, an upset of another bowl-bound team from Ole Miss, and another win over the Georgia.

NATE NORTHINGTON

HIGH SCHOOL COACH JIM GRAY

UK PRESIDENT DR JOHN W OSWALD

Oswald was president of the University of Kentucky from 1963 to 1968. He was executive vice president of the University of California from 1968 to 1970. In 1970, he became president of Pennsylvania State University until he retired in 1983. He died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1995.

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UPDATE
^ The "scholarship" distinction is important here because Northington was not the first African-American athlete to play in the SEC. In March 1966, more than a year before Northington's Kentucky football debut (and also nearly six months before Northington initially enrolled at Kentucky), Tulane baseball player Stephen Martin had become the first African American to play any sport in the SEC. However, Martin was then a walk-on who was attending Tulane on an academic scholarship. Another reason why Martin has been overlooked as an SEC integration pioneer is that Tulane left the conference immediately after Martin's first varsity baseball season of 1966.^[3] It should also be noted that Northington was not the only African-American SEC scholarship athlete to make his debut in the 1967–68 school year; Perry Wallace made his varsity debut for Vanderbilt basketball later in 1967
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NOVEMBER 1967 - UGA FRESHMEN VS GIT FRESHMEN - ATLANTA GA; KENNETH DIOUS - SPRING 1967 [UGA.RIVALS.COM]

https://uga.rivals.com/news/prior-to-uga-s-pioneers

In the fall of 1972, Georgia was among the last of three SEC schools (along with Ole Miss and LSU) to feature black players on its varsity football team. However, when Harry Sims and James Hurley were members of the Bulldogs' track team in 1968, Georgia became one of the first in the conference, along with Kentucky (football), Tennessee (track & field), and Vanderbilt (basketball), to feature black athletes of any varsity sport

Hurley, from Atlanta, had walked-on Georgia's football team earlier that year in the fall of 1967, just months after eventual Athens lawyer Kenneth Dious went out for the squad in the spring. Dious, the first black player to don a Georgia uniform, left the program soon thereafter. On the other hand, Hurley made the freshman squad, and would start at defensive end for the Bullpups. The following season, he was awarded the Bill Mundy Award for having the highest academic average on the entire team.

Still, Hurley was never given a spot on the Bulldogs' varsity because "the competition was too keen," according to then-freshman coach John Donaldson. Georgia’s first black player to see game action soon transferred to Vanderbilt, where he was awarded a scholarship and lettered for the Commodores in 1970.

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In April 1967, five black athletes walked on to the University of Alabama football team at the Crimson Tide's spring practice. They were:

Halfback Arthur Dunning, Mobile, Sophomore

Fullback Melvin Leverett, Prichard, Sophomore

Wide Receiver Andrew Pernell, Bessemer, Freshman

Guard Dock Rone, Montgomery, Freshman

Halfback Jerome Tucker, Birmingham, Sophomore

Rone. Tucker and Pernell dressed out for the 1967 A-Day game. None of the players made it onto Alabama's varsity roster.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYRk0uBII5o

RARE: BLACK PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS BOYCOTTED A GAME IN 1965

...his name shall be Solomon...

[I CHRONICLES 22:9]..................

...for I have chosen him to be My

son, and I will be his Father...

[I CHRONICLES 28:6].................

...and he shall be My son, and I will

be his Father...

[I CHRONICLES 22:10].................

...I will be his Father, and he shall be

My son...

[2 SAMUEL 7:14].................

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Please note this year 2021 will be the 200th year observance of the birthday of Gen Nathan Bedford Forrest. (2) The remains of NBF and his wife are moving to Middle Tennessee, Columbia Tn. (3) The Congressional bill HR40 (dealing with Civil War reparations) will probably move closer to the President’s desk. (4) NBF is one of the most honored “War Between the States” historical Americans in the South.

I understand that Gov Bill Lee is supporting moving the NBF bust out of the Capitol Building. Gov Lee is without a doubt our best state leader in guiding us to our next political move. Lee is an Auburn University Kappa Alpha Order fraternity member, who dressed in a Confederate States of America military uniform in celebrating “Ole South Day”. I am certain Lee is confident that for the 21st Century, the State of Tennessee needs to reconsider the honor our state has given General Nathan Bedford Forrest in all forms including special days of recognition.

There is one thing I see logically that MUST be done by the Home State of NBF, is to develop an official state-backed history of “WHO IS NATHAN BEDFORD FORREST”? The Memphis Commercial Appeal Newspaper in 1877 reports NBF was at his death a unifier for our state respected and honored by both black and white citizens.

Samuel Hardiman

Memphis Commercial Appeal

Published 4:35pm CT Nov. 20, 2020

.. The remains would then be reinterred at the National Confederate Museum at Elm Springs, which is in Columbia, and owned by the Sons of Confederate Veterans, according to an affidavit from Bedford Forrest Myers, the great-great-grandson of Forrest and Mary Ann.

FROM THE MEMPHIS APPEAL, OCT 30 1877

NBF born July 13 1821; saved the life of John Able in 1857; and, joined the Cumberland Presbyterian Church under Rev Dr Stainback.

Since my bloodline supported both the Union and the Confederate States of America and I played college football for Vanderbilt University and the University of Georgia from 1967 – 1970, please contact me by text message

(615-310-1979

) if you feel I can help you in anyway. The State of Tennessee has been an outstanding guardian and supporter of me, being from Atlanta GA…Thank You…Peace…James Hurley

James R Hurley

PO Box 120291, Acklen Station

Nashville Tn

37212-0291

jimhurley.71.alumni.vanderbilt@gmail.com

(615) 310-1979

(text message)

https://vanderbilt.app.box.com/s/mdifymafkjhete1vxhhhmlw9tnu0zjlo

https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2021/05/19/vanderbilts-black-football-pioneers-reflect-on-an-often-difficult-journey/

https://vanderbilt.app.box.com/s/mdifymafkjhete1vxhhhmlw9tnu0zjlo

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PETE MARAVICH GUARDED BY HAROLD SYLVESTER...FEB 10 1969...MY TWO FRIENDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY GREAT AWAKENING

https://tnsos.net/publications/proclamations/files/1749.pdf

https://video.search.yahoo.com/search/video;_ylt=AwrC1zGS6PpgRhUAMybQtDMD;_ylu=Y29sbwNiZjEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3BpdnM-?p=nathan+bedford+forrest&fr2=piv-web&fr=yfp-t-s#id=1&vid=4c6416715067098bca77709ad90cef9b&action=view

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How Marilyn Monroe ‘upstaged’ Queen Elizabeth with a sexy, low-cut dress

By Raquel Laneri

May 28, 2022 11:04am

Before Marilyn Monroe donned a sparkling sheer dress to sing “Happy Birthday, Mr. President” to John F. Kennedy in 1962, she wore a similarly scandalous ensemble to meet the queen.

It was 1956, and a 30-year-old Monroe was in London filming a fizzy romantic comedy, “The Prince and the Showgirl,” when she got an invite to attend a Royal Command Performance of the new movie “The Battle of the River Plate,” and shake hands with Queen Elizabeth II.

But according to Michelle Morgan’s “When Marilyn Met the Queen” (Pegasus Books), out now, Monroe ignored the officials’ pleas to dress conservatively. Instead, she chose a skin-tight gold lamé gown that was “so low-cut that the tops of [her] breasts were on full display.”

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AInLFeL2tro

Uhura(NICHELLE NICHOLS) is walking down a corridor when she unexpectedly encounters a tall, handsome crewman(VINCE HOWARD) she has never seen before. She pauses to chat with him, unaware that the crewman is actually the shape-shifting Salt Vampire (who wants to drain the salt from her body). The Salt Vampire uses its hypnotic powers to hypnotize Uhura and back her against the wall (OH NO!). Then it moves in close in preparation to drain the salt from our buxom communications lieutenant. Fortunately, Kirk's voice over the ship's intercom, along with the timely arrival of Janice Rand and Mr. Sulu in the corridor, breaks the hypnotic spell. Uhura realizes her danger, and she quickly rushes over to the intercom to respond to Kirk's summons, then she dashes into the turbolift with Janice and Sulu (no doubt relieved to be safely away from the strange crewman).

Bob Lazar is a physicist who worked at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, and also on reverse engineering extraterrestrial technology at a site called S-4 near the Area 51 Groom Lake operating location. Jeremy Corbell is a contemporary artist and documentary filmmaker. Watch the documentary "Bob Lazar: Area 51 & Flying Saucers" now streaming on Netflix.

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1944/4/16, NYC., 17th Regiment Armory in Brooklyn - Paul Robeson 46th Birthday Party - five hours; "March of Time news" from ragreels-"Swing bands today during the war". Hazel Scott, Zero Mostel, Jimmie Durante, Teddy Wilson, Mary Lou Williams, Mildred Bailey, Annie May Wong, Duke Ellington, etc.,

the parts here were revised to complete fragments with soundtracks and better screentracks;

2:09 intro ann. + several fragments from Count Basie(p) & his Orch.; prob. Al Killian, Harry "Sweets" Edison, Ed Lewis, Joe Newman (t) Dicky Wells , Ted Donnelly, Eli Robinson, Louis Taylor (tb) Earl Warren (as) Jimmy Powell (as) Lester Young (ts) feat. Buddy Tate (ts) Count Basie (p) Freddie Green (g) Jo Jones (d) & Johnny Williams (b) poss. one featured unknown white (ts) instead of Rudy Rutherford (bars)

3:02= Josh White (g,v) Pearl Primus (dance) unknown (b): 1:56 Hard Time Blues / without Primus: 1:06 The House I live In /

3:36 Paul Robeson (v): I dreamed I Saw Joe Hill Last Night /

6:14= 5:09 Paul Robeson: political speech about his life as a Negro in America. He says that he is proud to be a Negro American. He speaks about Negro people and their progress looking to the future. He expresses his interest in knowing and appreciating different people, their languages and culture. He talks of the struggle of people all over the world to attain freedom. He speaks out against the growth of fascism in the world / + 1:05 The 372nd Infantry Glee club sings the Invictus, a British poem in N.Y.C.,

I do not own the rights and ask "criticalpast" for permission and to tolerate to show non-commercially such important exist of this footage (e.g. it´s the only existing clip of the famous dancer Pearl Primus). The channel "criticalpast" is rather unknown for jazz fans and I invite everybody to visit this source. If you´ll have objections please contact me directly to close these 4 clips, Franz Hoffmann, non commercial jazz-historian hoff-franz@t-online.de

Unfortunately its a collection of rather rude mixed fragments with wild cameras. Therefore I made several corrections to get better fragments. (look also: http://www.criticalpast.com/video/656...

http://www.criticalpast.com/video/656... & http://www.criticalpast.com/video/656... & http://www.criticalpast.com/video/656...

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgGrVGqV9jI

55 views Dec 20, 2022

Olave Nduwanje Basabose with STUDIUM GENERALE present:

Esther Stanford-Xosei works towards the bringing to an end of the Maangamizi (the African Hellacaust), ecocide and the persistent extraction of wealth and resources from oppressed peoples. An avid champion of reparations, Esther posits that: “No vision of climate justice is complete without a roadmap to holistic reparations otherwise known as Planet Repairs.” In her Studium Gent lecture, Esther takes us on a visionary future in which reparations for the colonial past, and the neo-colonial present, have found firm footing in global and local ecologies in dire need of cultural, epistemological, legal, political and social-economic repair.

• Esther Stanford-Xosei is a Motherist, and decolonial Pan-Afrikanist Jurisconsult, Reparationist and Community Advocate engaged in reparations policy, research and movement-building under the auspices of the Pan-Afrikan Reparations Coalition in Europe, the Stop The Maangamizi Campaign and the International Network of Scholars & Activists for Afrikan Reparations and the Extinction Rebellion Being The Change Affinity Network. Esther is currently completing a PhD in the history of the International Social Movement for Afrikan Reparations in the UK at the university of Chichester.

About Us

Early life[edit]

Presidency at Tennessee State University,
1974–1985
[edit]

The Florida A&M University years,
1985–2001
[edit]

Awards and honors[edit]

Personal life[edit]

Group of boys working in #9

Breaker Pennsylvania Coal

Co., Hughestown Borough,

Pittston, Pa. In this group

are Sam Belloma, Pine

Street, Angelo Ross, and

others reported previously.

Location: Pittston,

Pennsylvania.

David Ruggles

Send Us Your Feedback

About Us

Early life[edit]

Presidency at Tennessee State University, 1974–1985 [edit]

The Florida A&M University years, 1985–2001 [edit]

Awards and honors[edit]

Personal life[edit]

Group of boys working in #9

Breaker Pennsylvania Coal

Co., Hughestown Borough,

Pittston, Pa. In this group

are Sam Belloma, Pine

Street, Angelo Ross, and

others reported previously.

Location: Pittston,

Pennsylvania.

David Ruggles

Send Us Your Feedback

Presidency at Tennessee State University,
1974–1985
[edit]

The Florida A&M University years,
1985–2001
[edit]